江西省行政机关实施行政许可听证办法

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江西省行政机关实施行政许可听证办法

江西省人民政府


江西省行政机关实施行政许可听证办法(附:英文译本)

文号:江西省人民政府令第156号
《江西省行政机关实施行政许可听证办法》已经2007年4月23日省人民政府第58次常务会议审议通过,现予公布,自2007年7月1日起施行。
  
   省长吴新雄
  
   二○○七年四月二十九日

  
   江西省行政机关实施行政许可听证办法
  
  
  第一条 为规范行政机关实施行政许可的听证活动,保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益,维护公共利益和社会秩序,保障和监督行政机关有效实施行政许可,根据《中华人民共和国行政许可法》,结合本省实际,制定本办法。
  
  第二条 本省行政区域内各级行政机关实施行政许可听证(以下简称听证),适用本办法。
  
  法律、法规授权实施行政许可的具有管理公共事务职能的组织,适用本办法有关行政机关的规定。
  
  第三条 行政机关实施下列行政许可事项,应当组织听证:
  
  (一)法律、法规、规章规定实施行政许可应当听证的事项;
  
  (二)行政机关认为需要听证的涉及公共利益的重大行政许可事项;
  
  (三)被依法告知听证权利的行政许可申请人、利害关系人在法定期限内提出听证申请的事项。
  
  第四条 听证应当遵循合法、公开、公平、公正、高效和便民的原则。
  
  除涉及国家秘密、商业秘密或者个人隐私的外,听证会一律公开举行,并允许公民、法人和其他组织旁听,接受社会监督。
  
  第五条 听证由有权作出行政许可决定的行政机关组织;依法接受委托实施行政许可的行政机关应当以委托行政机关的名义组织听证。
  
  依法应当经两个或者两个以上行政机关分别实施的行政许可事项须听证的,应当分别组织听证,或者联合组织听证。
  
  依法应当先经下级行政机关审查后,报上级行政机关决定的行政许可事项须听证的,由最终作出行政许可决定的行政机关组织听证;但该行政许可事项依法应当报国务院或者国务院部门作出行政许可决定的,按国家有关规定执行。
  
  第六条 听证人包括:听证主持人、听证员、记录员。
  
  听证主持人和听证员由行政机关负责人指定;记录员由听证主持人指定。
  
  第七条 听证主持人应当符合下列条件:
  
  (一)是审查该行政许可申请的工作人员以外的人员;
  
  (二)熟悉听证程序以及与该行政许可事项有关的法律、法规、规章的规定;
  
  (三)具有一定的组织能力;
  
  (四)法律、法规、规章规定的其他条件。
  
  第八条 听证主持人履行下列职责:
  
  (一)组织制定听证方案;
  
  (二)确定听证会的时间、地点;
  
  (三)组织听证会的进行;
  
  (四)接收有关证据;
  
  (五)维持听证会秩序;
  
  (六)组织提出听证报告书;
  
  (七)法律、法规、规章和本办法规定的其他职责。
  
  听证员负责协助听证主持人履行前款规定的职责。
  
  第九条 听证参加人包括:行政机关审查该行政许可申请的工作人员、行政许可申请人、利害关系人,以及本办法第十一条规定的委托代理人、鉴定人、证人。
  
  第十条 行政机关对本办法第三条第(一)、(二)项规定的行政许可事项,应当在作出行政许可决定前,以公告的形式向社会告知听证的事项、拟作出行政许可决定的主要内容,以及报名参加听证的办法等,公告的时间不得少于15日。
  
  行政机关对本办法第三条第(三)项规定的行政许可事项,应当在作出行政许可决定前,书面告知行政许可申请人、利害关系人享有要求听证的权利;行政许可申请人、利害关系人在被告知听证权利之日起5日内提出听证申请的,行政机关应当在20日内组织听证。
  
  第十一条 报名或者申请参加听证会的利害关系人较多时,组织听证的行政机关可以要求利害关系人在规定时间内自行推选代表人参加听证,并提交载明代表人基本情况的书面材料,由听证主持人审核确认;逾期未推选的,由组织听证的行政机关按照报名、申请的顺序或者采取抽签等公平、公开的方式确定代表人作为听证参加人,并予以公布。
  
  前款代表人的人数,由组织听证的行政机关根据听证事项的具体情况,按照不同主张的人员人数基本相同的原则确定,并予以公布。
  
  代表人参加听证的行为对其所代表的当事人发生效力,但代表人变更或者放弃听证主张的,应当经被代表的当事人同意。
  
  第十二条 行政许可申请人、利害关系人可以委托1至2名代理人参加听证;委托代理人参加听证的,应当向组织听证的行政机关提交载明委托事项及权限,并由委托人签名或者盖章的授权委托书,由听证主持人审核确认。委托代理人代为变更或者放弃听证主张,或者代为放弃陈述权、申辩权、质证权的,应当有委托人的明确授权。
  
  审查该行政许可申请的工作人员、行政许可申请人、利害关系人认为有关问题需要鉴定,或者有证人证明其听证主张的,可以请鉴定人或者证人参加听证,并向组织听证的行政机关提交有关的证明材料,由听证主持人审核确认。
  
  第十三条 听证主持人有下列情形之一的,应当自行回避;行政许可申请人、利害关系人有权以口头或者书面形式申请其回避:
  
  (一)是该行政许可申请的审查人员;
  
  (二)与该行政许可申请人、利害关系人或者他们的委托代理人是近亲属的;
  
  (三)与听证的行政许可事项有直接利害关系的;
  
  (四)与该行政许可申请人、利害关系人有其他关系,可能影响听证的公正性的。
  
  前款规定,适用于听证员、记录员、鉴定人。
  
  听证主持人的回避,由行政机关负责人决定;听证员、记录员、鉴定人的回避,由听证主持人决定。
  
  第十四条 组织听证的行政机关应当在听证会举行的7日前,向听证参加人送达《行政许可听证通知书》,必要时予以公告。
  
  《行政许可听证通知书》应当载明下列事项:
  
  (一)听证的行政许可事项;
  
  (二)拟作出行政许可决定的主要内容;
  
  (三)举行听证会的时间、地点;
  
  (四)听证主持人的姓名、职务;
  
  (五)其他应当载明的事项。
  
  第十五条 听证会按照下列程序进行:
  
  (一)听证主持人宣布听证会开始,介绍听证参加人和听证的行政许可事项,核对行政许可申请人、利害关系人的身份;
  
  (二)听证员宣读听证会纪律;
  
  (三)审查该行政许可申请的工作人员陈述审查意见及所依据的事实、理由和适用的法律、法规、规章,出示证据;
  
  (四)行政许可申请人、利害关系人按照听证主持人安排的顺序,陈述主张及相关事实、理由和法律、法规、规章依据,出示证据;
  
  (五)进行申辩和质证,需请鉴定人出示鉴定意见或者证人作证的,须经听证主持人允许;
  
  (六)申辩和质证终结,审查该行政许可申请的工作人员、行政许可申请人、利害关系人按照听证主持人安排的顺序,作最后陈述;
  
  (七)听证主持人宣布听证会结束。
  
  听证主持人应当中立、客观、全面地听取听证参加人的陈述。
  
  听证会举行的当日不能完成本条第一款规定程序的,听证主持人应当宣布择期继续举行听证会。
  
  第十六条 在听证会进行过程中,听证主持人可以询问听证参加人;经听证主持人允许,审查该行政许可申请的工作人员、行政许可申请人、利害关系人可以相互发问,也可以向鉴定人、证人发问。
  
  第十七条 听证应当制作听证笔录。听证笔录应当载明下列内容:
  
  (一)听证的行政许可事项;
  
  (二)听证主持人、听证员和记录员的姓名、职务;
  
  (三)听证参加人的姓名、地址等基本情况和出席听证会的情况;
  
  (四)听证会举行的时间、地点;
  
  (五)听证会是否公开举行,不公开举行的理由;
  
  (六)审查该行政许可申请的工作人员、行政许可申请人、利害关系人的陈述及提出的事实、理由、依据、证据;
  
  (七)鉴定人的鉴定结论和证人证言;
  
  (八)申辩和质证情况;
  
  (九)听证主持人在听证会进行过程中对有关事项的处理情况;
  
  (十)听证主持人认为应当记录的其他事项。
  
  审查该行政许可申请的工作人员、行政许可申请人、利害关系人在听证时提出的经过质证的证据材料,应当作为听证笔录的附件。
  
  第十八条 听证笔录应当由听证参加人签名或者盖章;听证参加人拒绝签名或者盖章的,应当记录在卷。
  
  听证参加人认为听证笔录对自己的陈述记录有遗漏或者差错的,有权向听证主持人申请补正;不予补正的,应当将申请记录在卷。
  
  第十九条 听证会结束后,听证主持人应当会同听证员、记录员在5日内,根据听证笔录制作听证报告书,连同听证笔录报送本行政机关负责人。
  
  行政机关对依法举行了听证会的行政许可事项,应当根据听证笔录作出行政许可决定。
  
  第二十条 有下列情形之一的,可以延期举行听证:
  
  (一)因不可抗力导致听证会无法按期举行的;
  
  (二)行政许可申请人、利害关系人申请延期,有正当理由的;
  
  (三)依法可以延期的其他情形。
  
  延期举行听证会的,组织听证的行政机关应当通知听证参加人;延期的情形消失后,组织听证的行政机关应当在3日内举行听证会,并书面通知听证参加人。
  
  第二十一条 有下列情形之一,可以中止听证:
  
  (一)听证会进行过程中提出新的事实、理由和证据,听证主持人认为有待调查核实的;
  
  (二)回避申请在听证会开始后提出的;
  
  (三)依法可以中止听证的其他情形。
  
  中止听证的情形消失后,组织听证的行政机关应当在3日内恢复举行听证,并通知听证参加人。
  
  第二十二条 有下列情形之一的,可以终止听证:
  
  (一)行政许可申请人、利害关系人撤回申请的;
  
  (二)行政许可申请人、利害关系人无正当理由不参加听证会,或者未经听证主持人允许中途退场的;
  
  (三)依法应当终止听证程序的其他情形。
  
  第二十三条 行政许可申请人、利害关系人对本办法第三条第(三)项规定的行政许可事项,在规定时间内均未提出听证申请的,视为放弃听证要求,行政机关应当作书面记载,并可以在对行政许可申请进行全面、客观、公正审查的基础上,依法作出行政许可决定。
  
  第二十四条 行政机关及其工作人员违反《中华人民共和国行政许可法》和本办法的规定,有下列情形之一的,由其上级行政机关或者监察机关责令改正;情节严重的,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予行政处分:
  
  (一)未向行政许可申请人、利害关系人履行法定告知听证权利的义务的;
  
  (二)依法应当举行听证而未举行听证的;
  
  (三)不履行或者不正确履行听证职责的;
  
  (四)未依据听证笔录作出行政许可决定的。
  
  第二十五条 行政许可申请人、利害关系人或者其他人员扰乱听证会秩序或者有其他妨碍听证会正常进行行为的,听证主持人有权予以制止或者责令其退场;情节严重的,由公安机关依法给予治安管理处罚;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
  
  第二十六条 行政许可申请人、利害关系人不承担行政机关组织听证的费用。听证所需经费应当列入本行政机关的预算,由本级财政予以保障。
  
  第二十七条 本办法规定的期限以工作日计算,不含法定节假日。
  
  行政机关组织听证的时间,不计算在实施该行政许可事项的法定期限内;其实施行政许可的期限,自听证程序结束、终止的次日起接续计算。
  
  第二十八条 本办法自2007年7月1日起施行。


  英文译本

Measures of Jiangxi Province for Public Hearings of the Implementation of Administrative License by the Administrative Organ


These Measures of Jiangxi Province for Public Hearings of the Implementation of Administrative License by the Administrative Organ, adopted at the 58th session of the executive meeting of the People’s Government of Jiangxi Province on April 23, 2007, are hereby promulgated and shall come into effect as of July 1, 2007.


Governor: Wu Xinxiong

April 29, 2007


  Article 1 In order to regulate the hearing procedures of implementation of Administrative License by the Administrative Organ, protect the legal rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations, safeguard the public interests and social order, and ensure and supervise the effective implementation of administrative license, these measures are formulated in accordance with the specific circumstances of the province and the Administrative License Law of the People's Republic of China.

  Article 2 These measures shall apply to the public hearing of implementation of Administrative License by the administrative organs at all levels within the administrative areas of the province (hereinafter referred to as “hearing”).

The provisions concerning the administrative organ in these measures shall be applicable to the organization with a function of implementing Administrative License or managing public affairs under the authorization of a law or regulation.

  Article 3 A hearing should be organized upon implementation of the following administrative license matters by the administrative organs:

  (1) A hearing as provided for the implementation of administrative license in any law, regulation or rule;

  (2) Any licensing matters considered by the administrative organ to be of great importance to the public interests;

  (3) Licensing matters applied within the statutory time limit by the applicants and the interested parties of administrative license who have been informed the legal right to a hearing in accordance with law;

  Article 4 The hearing shall observe the principles of legality, openness, fairness and impartiality, high efficiency and convenience.

  The hearing shall be held in public except that it involves state secrets, business secrets and individual privacy. Citizens, legal persons and other organizations shall have the access to observing and supervising the hearing proceedings.

  Article 5 The hearing should be organized by the administrative organs which are entitled to make administrative license decisions. The administrative organs which are legally entrusted with the implementation of the administrative license should organize the hearing in the name of the entrusting administrative organ.

  If an administrative licensing matter to be implemented respectively by two or more administrative organs needs hearing, it should be organized separately or jointly.

  In accordance with law, where an administrative license should be subject to the examination of the lower administrative organ before it is reported and submitted to the upper administrative organ for decision, the hearing should be organized by the administrative organ that makes the final administrative decision. But when an administrative license should be reported to the State Council or the departments under the State Council for administrative license decisions, the relevant state regulations prevail.

  Article 6 The hearing staff includes the chairperson of the hearing, the hearing officers and the notetaker.

  The chairperson of the hearings and the hearing officers shall be decided by the director of the administrative organ. The clerk shall be decided by the chairperson of the hearing.

  Article 7 The chairperson of the hearings should meet the following requirements:

  (1) Those who are not responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license;

  (2) Those who are familiar with the hearing procedures of the administrative license and related laws, regulations and rules;

  (3) Those with a certain organizing ability;

  (4) Those who meet the other requirements stipulated in the laws, regulations and rules.

  Article 8 The chairperson of the hearing shall perform the following functions during the hearing:

  (1) Make the plan of the hearing;

  (2) Decide the time and place of the hearings;

  (3) Organize the hearings;

  (4) Receive relevant evidence;

  (5) Maintain the proper order of the hearings;

  (6) Prepare and work out the hearing report;

  (7) Fulfill other duties as provided in any law, regulation, rule and these measures.

  The hearing officers shall assist the chairperson of the hearings in performing the functions and duties stipulated above.

  Article 9 The participants of the hearing include the persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative  license, the applicants of administrative license, the interested parties,the entrusted agents, the identifiers and the witnesses as provided in Article 12 of these measures.

  Article 10 For the administrative license matters listed in Items 1and 2 of Article 3,the administrative organ shall announce to the public the information about the matters under administrative license of the hearing, the main content of administrative license decisions and the way to participate in the hearing before making the administrative decision. The duration of the announcement shall not be less than 15 days.

  For the administrative license matters listed in Item 3 of Article 3,the administrative organ shall inform the applicant of the administrative license or the interested party of the right to request for a hearing by means of written notice. Where the applicant or interested party applies for a hearing within 5 days from the day when he or she is informed of such right, the administrative organ shall organize a hearing within 20 days.

  Article 11 When there are lots of interested parties applying to participate in the hearing, the administrative organ which organizes the hearing can ask the interested parties to select their own representatives to participate in the hearing in a specified time and submit written materials which contain basic information of the representatives for the chairperson to examine. If no representatives are selected within the time limit, the administrative organ that organizes the hearing should select the representatives according to the application order or by means of drawing straws or in other fair and open ways.

  The number of representatives should be decided by the administrative organ that organizes the hearing according to the specific circumstances of the hearing and according to the basic principle that the numbers of people with different opinions are equally represented, and the number of the representatives should be announced.

  The acts of such representatives in the hearing shall be valid for the party they represent; however, modification or waiver of the hearing claims by the representatives shall be subject to the consent of the party they represent.

  Article 12 The applicants of the administrative license and the interested parties may entrust one or two agents to participate in the hearing. Where the entrusted agents participate in the hearing, a Power of Attorney containing the explicit description of the entrusted matters and the limits of authority and bearing the signature or seal of the entrusting party shall be submitted to the chairperson of the hearing for examining. Modification or waiver of the hearing claims or the disclamation of the rights to make statements, defend and conduct cross-examinations shall be subject to the authorization of the entrusting party.

  If the persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license, the applicants and the interested parties consider it is necessary to identify relevant matters,or there are witnesses to prove their hearing claims, identifiers and witnesses could be invited to participate in the hearing. Relevant supporting materials shall be submitted to the administrative organ for the chairperson of the hearing to examine.

  Article 13 Under any of the following circumstances, a chairperson of the hearing shall voluntarily withdraw from holding a hearing, while the applicants or any interested parties are entitled to require the withdrawal of such a person from the hearing in oral or written form.

  (1) He or she is one of the examining personnel of the case;

  (2) He or she is the close relative of an applicant of the administrative license, an interested party, or the entrusted agent of the case;

  (3) He or she is one of the personnel who have direct interests with the administrative licensing matter;

  (4) He or she has some other relationship with the applicant or the interested party of the case,which may affect the impartial hearing of the case.

  The provisions of the preceding paragraph are applicable to the hearing officers, the notetakers, and the identifiers.

  The withdrawal of the chairperson from the hearing shall be decided by the director of the administrative organ. The withdrawal of the notetaker and the identifiers shall be decided by the chairperson of the hearing.

  Article 14 The administrative organ shall send the "administrative license hearing notice" to the participants of the hearing 7 days before it is held, and shall announce it to the public if necessary;

"Administrative license hearing notice" should include:

  (1) The matters under administrative license of the hearing;

  (2) The main content of administrative license decisions;

  (3) The time and place of the hearing to be held;

  (4) The name and title of the chairperson of the hearing;

  (5) Other matters that should be made clear.

  Article 15 The public hearing shall be conducted in accordance with the following procedure:

  (1) The chairperson of the hearing should announce the commencement of the hearing, introduce the participants of the hearing and the Administrative License matters and check the identities of the participants of administrative license and the interested parties.

  (2) The hearing officer reads the hearing disciplines;

  (3) The persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license shall provide proofs, reasons and laws, regulations and rules for the examination opinions and present evidence;

  (4) The applicants and the interested parties shall make their statements and provide related proofs, reasons and laws, regulations and rules and present evidence with the order arranged by the chairperson of the hearing;

  (5) Where it is necessary for the identifier to read out the conclusion of verification in the course of defense and cross-examination, or for the witness to testify, the chairperson of the hearing should give permission first;

  (6) After the defense and cross-examination, the persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license, the applicants and the interested parties should make their final statements with the order arranged by the chairperson of the hearing;

  (7) The chairperson of the hearing announces the closure of the hearing.

  The chairperson of the hearing should be neutral, objective and impartial in hearing the statements of the participants of the hearing.

  If the procedures mentioned in the first paragraph of this article can’t be completed, the chairperson of the hearing should declare that the hearing will continue later.

  Article 16 During the hearing, the chairperson of the hearing can question the participants of the hearing; with the permission given by the chairperson of the hearing, the persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license, the applicants and the parties can question each other and can also question the identifiers or witnesses.

  Article 17 The activities of hearing shall be recorded in the transcripts of the hearing. The transcripts of the hearing shall explicitly record the following matters:

  (1) The matters under administrative license of the hearing;

  (2) The names and titles of the chairperson of the hearing, hearing officers,and the notetaker;

  (3) The names, addresses and attendance of the participants of hearing;

  (4) The time and place of the hearing held;

  (5) Whether the hearing is held openly.If it is not,the reasons should be provided;

  (6) The statements, facts, reasons, basis and evidence provided by the persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license, the applicants of the administrative license and the interested parties;

  (7) The conclusion of verification of the identifier and the testimony of the witness;

  (8) Defense and cross-examinations;

  (9) The treatment of related matters by the chairperson of the hearing in the course of the hearing;

  (10) Any other matters that the chairperson considers to be important.

  The evidence materials of cross-examinations provided by the persons who are responsible for the examination of an application for administrative license, the applicants and the interested parties during the hearing should be included as the attachment of the transcripts of the hearing.

  Article 18 The transcripts of the hearing to the participants shall bear the signatures or the seals of the participants of the hearing. Refusal of the participants of the hearing to sign or seal shall be recorded.

  If the participants of the hearing consider that the transcripts of the hearing has omitted a part of their statement or is incorrect in some other respect, they shall have the right to request correction thereof. If no correction is made, the request for correction shall be noted in the written record.

  Article 19 After the hearing, the chairperson of the hearing shall make a Report of the Administrative License according to the transcripts of the hearing, and send it together with the transcripts to the director of the administrative organ within 5 days.

  The administrative organ shall make a decision on the administrative license according to the transcripts of the hearing.

  Article 20 Under any of the following circumstances, the public hearing shall be postponed:

  (1)The hearing is unable to be implemented due to force majeure;

  (2) The applicant of the administrative license or the interested party applies for a phased extension with valid reasons;

  (3)Other circumstances for the postponement of the hearing.

  If the hearing is postponed, the administrative organ that organizes the hearing shall inform the participants of the hearing. Where the reason for the postponement of the hearing ceases to exist, the administrative organ that organizes the hearing shall resume the hearing within 3 days and inform the participants of the hearing.

  Article 21 Under any of the following circumstances, the hearing shall be suspended:

  (1) There appear new facts, reasons and evidence during the hearing which the chairperson considers should be verified;

  (2) The requirement of the withdrawal of a hearing officer is made after the hearing has started;

  (3) Other circumstances for the suspension of the hearing.

  Where the reason for the suspension of the hearing ceases to exist, the administrative organ that organizes the hearing shall resume the hearing within 3 days and inform the participants of the hearing.

  Article 22 Under any of the following circumstances, the hearing shall be terminated:

  (1) The applicant of the administrative license or the interested party has withdrawn the application;

  (2) The applicant of the administrative license or the interested party fails to be present at the hearing without valid reasons or withdraws from the hearing without the permission of the chairperson of the hearing.

  (3) Other circumstances for the termination of the hearing

  Article 23 For the administrative license matters listed in Item 3 of Article 3 of these measures,the applicant of the administrative license or the interested party failing to file the application of hearing within the prescribed period shall be considered to disclaim the hearing right. The administrative organ shall make a written record,and make a decision on the administrative license in accordance with the law upon comprehensive, objective and fair examination.

  Article 24 Where an administrative organ and any of its functionaries violates any of the provisions of these measures or the Administrative License Law of The People's Republic of China under any of the following circumstances, the order of correction shall be given by the superior administrative organ or the supervisory organ; if the violations are serious, the direct liable persons in charge and other direct liable persons shall be given the administrative punishment in accordance with law:

  (1) Failing to inform the applicants of the administrative license or the interested parties of the hearing rights and obligations;

  (2) Failing to hold a hearing as required by the law;

  (3) Failing to perform its hearing functions or failing to fulfill the hearing obligations in this aspect;

  (4) Failing to make the administrative license decision on the basis of the transcripts of the hearing.

  Article 25 If the applicants of the administrative license, the interested parties or any other person disrupt the hearing order or contravenes the proper conduct of the hearing, the chairperson shall be entitled to stop the behavior or order them to leave. If the violation is serious, the public security office shall, according to the relevant provisions of the public order management regulations, impose a penalty. If such actions constitute a crime, criminal penalty shall be imposed.

  Article 26 The applicants of the administrative license and interested parties shall not pay for the expenses arising from the administrative organ's organization of the hearing. The essential fund for the administrative organ to implement an administrative license shall be listed in the budget of this administrative organ, which shall be ensured by the finance department of the same level.

  Article 27 he time limit referred to in these measures shall be calculated according to the working days, not including the legal holidays and leaves.

  Where an administrative organ needs to organize a hearing, the required time shall not be included in the time limit of implementation of the Administrative License. The time limit of implementation of the Administrative License should be calculated from the day after the date of termination of the hearing procedures.

  Article 28 These measures shall become effective as of July 1, 2007.


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农村土地纠纷案件成因探析

——兼议土地承包法立法缺陷

杜海军


【内容提要】近年来,东营市尤其是垦利县土地纠纷案件大量增加,影响了社会稳定。法院对该纠纷的处理成了防止纠纷扩大和激化的一道屏风。本文作者寻根溯源,试图找到纠纷的症结所在,提出处理该纠纷的见解。
【关键词】土地纠纷 特点 成因
我国是农业大国,人口中的80%是农民,农民世代耕作,辛勤劳动,为我国社会主义建设事业做出了巨大贡献。近年来,党中央尤其重视农民问题,强调确保农民的利益和促进农村经济的持续快速发展,土地作为农民赖以生产和生活的物质基础,在新形式下地位显的尤为重要。2002年8月29日,我国颁布《中华人民共和国农村土地承包法》,该法于2003年3月1日起施行。这是在新形式下颁布的一个非常重要的法律,它细化了土地发包程序,赋予了每个村集体成员公平的承包权,巩固了家庭承包制度,完善了违反土地承包经营权的民事责任的承包,对促进农村土地的合法、高效流转起到了非常重要的作用。但是,随着农村经济的发展,土地问题却日益突出,特别是生产力发展相对滞后的地区,农民对土地寄于的期望很高,土地问题则更加突出。笔者对2004年垦利县土地纠纷案件进行调查后发现,2004年垦利县法院共审理土地纠纷案件86件,其中判决37件,调解18件,撤诉28件,移送1件、驳回起诉2件。其中村民联名要求确认合同无效的案件6件,解除合同的4件。这与2003年的土地纠纷案件共20件相比,土地纠纷案件上升了4倍多,村民联名起诉案件则是以前没有过的。作为一名法官,我参与审理了其中大部分案件,对这些案件的成因既有现实的感官感触,又有理性的思考,现对土地纠纷案件的特点及原因作探析如下。
一、土地纠纷案件主要特点
(一)土地发包程序不合法,违反民主议定原则。
在审理的这些案件中,笔者发现,案件所涉土地没有一个是严格按《中华人民共和国农村土地承包法》第二节所规定的土地承包的原则和程序办事的。这些合同,大多为村民委员会或者村民小组与承包户签订,但合同没有根据该节第18条第(3)项规定,依法经本集体经济组织成员的村民会议三分之二以上成员或者三分之二以上的村民代表的同意。这些土地承包合同严格来讲都是违法的,是不合乎法律规定的。
(二)土地纠纷案件涉及人员多,群体化明显,不加以控制矛盾容易激化。
土地纠纷案件,大多涉及人员较多,并且为大多数村民所关心,一旦处理不慎会造成村民上访。2004年8月份,垦利县垦利镇民丰村近200户村民联名起诉该村第五生产小组,要求确认该小组与他人所签订的土地承包合同无效。在案件审理过程中,这200户村民多次到垦利镇人民政府和垦利县人民政府上访,并一度局面难以控制。2004年9月份,垦利县黄河口镇十三村的100多户村民起诉该村第一村民小组,要求确认该小组与他人签订的土地承包合同无效,该小组村民亦集体到垦利县人民政府和东营市人民政府上访。
  (三)土地利益争执激烈,矛盾具隐蔽性和突发性。
  土地纠纷案件,利益争执的激烈是其他案件无法比拟的。垦利县垦利镇民丰村200户村民联名上告案,全体村民都来到法庭参加庭审,致使法庭内拥挤不堪,庭审时,原、被告均有过激言词,特别是原告村民依仗人多势众,有些人甚至出言不逊,双方以致发生口角,幸好在法庭的有效控制下得到了平息。土地纠纷案件还有隐蔽性的特点,这些矛盾大多为村民内部矛盾亦或村民与村集体的矛盾,这些矛盾因双方都碍于情面不点破而暂时隐蔽起来,但随着时间的推移,矛盾越来越大,最终对利益的追求会突破人的情面而突然爆发,土地纠纷的这种隐蔽性和突发性特点较之其他的矛盾,具有更难处理的一面。
  (四)土地纠纷所涉土地往往四至不明确。
  通过对土地纠纷案件的庭审分析及对其他的一些土地承包合同的侧面考察,很多土地承包合同均没有承包土地的明确的四至,当事人也很难准确说出土地的四至。
(五)土地纠纷案件季节性、时间性强。
土地纠纷案件有较强的季节性,这受到自然规律的影响。这类案件一般集中在春播或者秋种时。另外,村委班子换届之时也是土地纠纷案件多发时间。鉴于土地纠纷案件的季节性特点,法院处理这类案件则具有较强的时间性,一般都尽量在农作物播种前做出处理,从而维护农民合法的土地承包经营权。以防止矛盾的激化或损失的进一步扩大。
二、土地纠纷案件成因探析
近年来,土地纠纷之所以呈迅猛上升之势,有着深刻的社会及历史背景,探究其原因,笔者认为主要有以下几点:
  (一)社会经济的发展,土地效益的大幅提升,是土地纠纷案件增多的根本原因。
近年来,我国对农业和农民问题重视度达到了历史上从未有过的水平,对农业发展的支持也是空前的。2004年中央一号文 着重于让农民减负增收,以“两减免、三补贴”为抓手,启动了城市资源施惠农村的历史转变;2005年中央一号文则立足于使农业强身健体,以农业综合生产力建设为手段,开始打造农业的核心竞争力。二个中央一号文,看似偶然,实则蕴含着中央对农业前所未有的支持和期待。正是在这种大环境下,我国的农业这二年也得到了很大发展,土地效益增加明显。以垦利县为例,垦利县亩产棉花约300公斤。2002年,棉花每公斤价格约为4元左右,每亩土地毛收入约1200元。2003年,棉花价格一度飙升到每公斤8元左右,亩产值则达到了2400元。可以说,利润成倍增加。正是在这种形势下,土地的收益所带来的诱惑是巨大的,农民对土地的渴求也达到了新中国成立以来又一个新的高潮,许多在城镇打工的村民也开始走回家门承包土地,以求好的收入。原先许多被弃耕的土地开始有人争相耕种,承包户开始收回原先转给他人代耕的土地。新形势的变迁,农民对土地渴求的加强成了争执发生的现实诱因,土地效益的增加则成了土地纠纷案件增多的根本原因。
垦利盐碱地较多,原先人们对这类土地期望值不高,有许多被弃耕。有些辛勤的农户就在这些无人耕种的盐碱地上耕耘,使土地得到了改良。现在随着土地效益的增加,村集体意识到土地的重要性,在多数村民的强烈呼吁下,开始要求收回这类土地。如垦利县黄河口镇东增林村诉王会美收回土地案,王会美于80年代初开始耕种该村一弃耕地,2004年,该村村民看到土地收益较好,就开始要求村委收回土地,村委遂诉至法院。
(二)农民法制意识的增强,与村领导班子法制观念相对滞后,不依法进行土地发包之间的矛盾是土地纠纷案件增多的又一重要因素。
随着我国综合实力的不断加强,我国正日益建设成为更文明、法冶的社会。在社会发展中,农民面对日益开放文明的社会,面对纷繁复杂的各类案例,面对新闻媒体的法制宣传教育,潜移默化中他们法制意识得到了不断强化,依法保护自己的合法权益已成为他们的首选。当遇到纠纷或者权益受到侵害时,他们不再姑息、躲避、忍让,而是大胆地用法律来维护自己的合法权益。相对而言,农村集体组织的领导成员,则未能顺应时代潮流。他们大多用老经验、老办法来解决各类矛盾,不能将自己的思想提高到一个新的高度观察分析问题,更不能适应形势发展,学法用法,不能用法律规范自己的行为。面对新情况、新问题,他们不及时更新自己的观念,仍用老经验来办事。同样的情况及问题,随着农民法制意识的增强,再用老一套办法来行事是不能取得好效果的。透过农村土地纠纷案件分析,正是由于村领导未能适应新形势的需要转变自己的思想观念和作风,未按土地承包法规定的程序来进行土地发包,并且还存在任意侵犯农民土地承包经营权的行为,导致土地纠纷的发生。如垦利县黄河口镇西增林村诉吴宗河案,垦利县职教中心诉李四杰案。两案均为双方合同到期前发包方为谋取更大利益而要求将土地收回,侵犯了承包户的经营权。
(三)政府对农村土地承包指导监督不力,政府不依法给承包户发放土地承包经营权证也是纠纷产生的重要原因。
乡(镇)人民政府对农村工作起着重要的监督和指导作用,但是,近年来,随着村两委直选的展开,乡(镇)人民政府的监督指导能力弱化,不能及时对村委的工作进行监督指导。《农村土地承包法》第48条规定:“发包方将农村土地发包给本集体经济以外的单位或者个人承包,应当事先经本集体经济组织成员的村民会议三分之二以上成员或者三分之二心上村民代表的同意,并报乡(镇)人民政府批准。”可以看出,乡(镇)人民政府对农村土地发包中的部分土地向外发包是有批准权的,通过批准行为来监督和指导农村发包土地的有序展开。同时,对于农村承包户依法承包土地的,《土地承包法》和农业部《农村土地承包经营权证管理办法》都规定县级以上地方人民政府应当向承包户发放土地承包经营权证,该证是确定承包户享有土地承包经营权的法律凭证。但是,通过所审理的土地纠纷案件可以看到,土地向外发包经乡(镇)人民政府批准的几乎占不到三分之一。很多承包户根本没有土地承包经营权证。这种情况下,有可能造成土地权属模糊,产生不必要的纠纷。
(四)垦利土地状况特点及合同的不规范性也会导致土地纠纷的产生。
垦利县位于黄河入海口,这里土地辽阔,盐碱地丰富,每年新增滩地较多。作为一个人口少面积大的县,人均占有土地面积较大,且其中荒碱地较多。这导致许多情况下,发包方发包土地实行指定地片法,即给这块地起一个简单的地名,如“村南坝东地”、“河滩地”等,然后把承包户叫到该地指认一下,或者干脆问承包方知道不知道该地块,知道的话就直接签订合同。这些合同中,根本没有详尽的四至,更没有确切的亩数。合同书中的亩数仅为双方估算数。这类合同很不规范,导致这类案件开庭时,很多情况下双方对土地的实际亩数均不能准确的说出,四至也仅能说出大体方位,致使许多情况下与邻地承包户或者合同双方产生纠纷。譬如垦利县河口镇辛庄场村诉张其增农业承包合同纠纷一案,该村就不能指出其准确的地界,致使案件难以查明。又譬如张宝力诉垦利县永安镇六村董胜利等16人侵权纠纷案。该土地由张宝力承包,这16户村民也有该村书记和委员署名的同意他们继续耕种的书面承诺,但该书面承诺内容不详。该承诺在张宝力所定合同之前,并且16户村民已开始耕种,法院认定了该书面承诺的合同效力。像这类合同不规范的案件也并不少见,
(五)《农村土地承包法》的立法缺陷导致法院对土地纠纷处理面临尴尬。
  农村土地承包法是我国制定的一部重要法律,实践证明,它对维护农民利益,保持农村社会的长治久安起着重要作用。但是,它也存在一些缺陷。笔者认为主要有以下几点:
  1、土地承包以户为单位,土地承包30年不变容易引发新的矛盾。
  土地承包规定30年不变,目的在于维护农村的稳定。土地以农户为单位进行承包则是为了巩固家庭承包经营为基础的,统分结合的双层经营体制。但分析该规定,存在一定的问题。农村以户为单位进行承包经营,30年不变,假设土地承包经营后第二年又增添了人口,以新生儿为例。按照增人不增地减人不减地的总原则,该新生儿将在29年内得不到土地(虽然该法规定用机动地等调整给新增人口,但该法又规定,机动地不足5%的不现再增加机动地。村委留机动地的很少)。在其结婚生育以前,他与其父母一块居住生活,可能感受不到没有土地带来的压力。但他成人后,假设他23周岁结婚,对象也是23周岁,与他同种情况。婚后又生育一子。他们这又是典型的一个农户,但他们在以后的六年中仍不可能得到土地。但《农村土地承包经营法》第5条规定:“农村集体经济组织成员有权依法承包由本集体经济组织发包的农村土地。任何组织和个人均不得剥夺和非法限制农村集体经济组织成员承包土地的权利。”这种情况下,新的农户就可能面临吃不上饭的境地,他们会要求行使承包权,产生纠纷。
2、村民起诉要求村委分配土地案,因法院对这类案件性质认识处理不一,影响到了案件的及时审理。
现在有许多村民起诉要求村委分配责任田,原先这类案件一般由行政庭作为行政案件进行审理。《农村土地承包法》实施后,对此类案件的审理产生了争议,行政庭以该法第53条的规定为由认为这类案件应由民庭进行审理。该条规定为:“任何组织和个人侵害承包方的土地承包经营权的,应当承担民事责任。”而民庭则依然认为,村委会分配责任田的行为是行使公权力,这类案件仍属行政案件,应由行政庭进行审理。所以村民起诉后被法院内部推来推去,不能及时依法做出处理,致使矛盾不能及时解决,又引发新的矛盾。
三、对策
面对如此多的土地纠纷案件,面对土地纠纷的上升态势,如何妥善处理这类案件,是摆在我们面前的一个重大课题,笔者建议采取以下对策:
(一)加强法制宣传教育,特别是对村两委成员的法制宣传教育。
通过法制宣传教育,旨在提高村两委成员及村民的守法意识和合同意识,规范村两委的发包行为。严格执行《农村土地承包法》第19条规定,按5个程序签订承包合同:村民会议选举产生承包工作小组;承包小组依照法律、法规的规定拟定并公布承包方案;召开村民会议讨论通过承包方案;公开实施承包方案;签订承包合同。同时,扼制村委的各种侵犯农民土地承包经营权的苗头性行为,将纠纷消灭在萌芽之中。
  (二)政府进行土地详查,明确土地权属并加强对村委土地工作的管理。
政府应加强对村委工作的监督和指导,特别是土地发包的全程监督,以维护村民承包经营权的落实。规范土地合同样本,指导村委依法订立合同,减少订立合同中的随意性和粗放性,细化合同条款,明确合同责任。为了进一步搞好土地工作,政府部门应该依法进行土地详查,在以前详查的基础之上,了解土地现状及不安定因素,进一步明确地界,确定一些新增地及权属不明地的权属,并及时发放权利证书。通过及时确权并排除隐患达到减少土地纠纷的目的。基层乡(镇)人民政府还要在土地纠纷中积极发挥作用。《农村土地承包法》第51条规定,因土地承包经营权发生纠纷,可以请求乡(镇)人民政府调解解决。乡(镇)人民政府作为基层政府,最了解土地的现状及纠纷的产因,可因势利导的调解矛盾,化解纠纷,稳定土地承包关系。
(三)法院内部对土地纠纷案件进行妥善分工,及时审理,防止矛盾激化。
因各地法院对村民要求分配责任田处理不同,最高人民法院应该尽快出台司法解释解决这个问题。在未出台解释之前,笔者认为,土地纠纷案件要分情况由不同庭室进行处理。村民要求分配责任田案,应由行政庭进行审理。理由是:我国《农村土地承包法》第53条虽然规定了侵犯土地承包经营权应该承担民事责任。但该法第22条规定,承包方自承包合同生产时取得土地承包经营权。在此之前,村民的权利为有权依法承包农村土地。通过这两条分析得出,仅以第53条的规定就认定此类案件由民庭受理显然理由不充分。笔者认为,村民有两种权利,在签订土地承包合同,土地承包合同生效之前,是承包权,而签订合同并生效以后,是承包经营权,这是两种不同性质的权利。承包经营权受到损害承担民事责任有法律根据,侵犯承包权承担民事责任则无法律依据。此类案件村委会行使的权利属公权力范畴,应该由行政庭进行依法处理。其他的土地纠纷案件,大多都是侵犯承包方承包经营权的行为,根据土地承包法的规定应由民庭进行审理。对这类案件宜及时进行审理,进行合法分工也正是为了防止内部相互推托,延误案件的处理,造成矛盾进一步扩大。
(四)丰富纠纷解决机制。
根据《农村土地承包法》第51条的规定,土地纠纷解决方式有三种:调解、仲裁和诉讼。其中,调解作为其中的一个方式,应该大力加强和进一步丰富。调解可分为当事人双方自行和解、第三人或者村委会主持调解、基层乡(镇)人民政府主持调解。在此应该特别指出的是,调解还应贯穿于仲裁和诉讼之中。不管是农村土地承包仲裁机构还是法院,在处理这类案件是应当多做调解工作,切勿轻率处理。调解时,可找一些德高望众的第三者帮助调解,也可以让村委领导或者基层乡(镇)人民政府信访部门或者司法所出面协调。总之,不管什么方法,就是让土地纠纷大事化小、小事化了,调解解决矛盾,防止矛盾升级。


中华人民共和国国家旅游局、中华人民共和国商务部令第20号

国家旅游局 商务部


中华人民共和国国家旅游局、中华人民共和国商务部令第20号

  为了适应我国旅游业对外开放的需要,促进我国旅游业的发展,根据《旅行社管理条例》第二十八条有关规定,国家旅游局、中华人民共和国商务部决定对《设立外商控股、外商独资旅行社暂行规定》作如下修订:
  一、第六条第(四)款修改为:注册资本不少于250万元人民币。
  二、删除第七条。
  本修订自发布之日起实施。


国家旅游局局长 何光暐
商务部部长 薄熙来
二○○五年二月十七日